In empirical research, mistaking mediators for moderators (or vice versa) is surprisingly common. Yet the distinction is critical for valid inference, model specification, and publication success. Below, we dig into the conceptual, statistical, and practical nuances—especially those many researchers overlook. Conceptual Foundations In other words: Baron & Kenny’s classic 1986 formulation laid this foundation in … Read more
Standard M&E frameworks fail constantly. Most consultants cite weak indicators or poor baseline data. They are wrong. Framework collapse occurs outside the technical manual. The true flaws are organizational, political, and behavioral. We identify the four critical failures that most researchers miss entirely. 1.The Political Economy of Perverse Incentives Monitoring and Evaluation systems exist for … Read more
When researchers layer too many theories, they often think “more breadth = more rigor.” But the opposite often occurs. Below are four critical, but commonly overlooked, issues that weaken research—even when the intent is “comprehensive.” Common but Hidden Pitfalls Conceptual Conflict & Epistemological Clash Every theory carries assumptions about knowledge (epistemology). When researchers mix theories … Read more
What R² Actually Measures Why High R² Is Often Misleading Overfitting & Inflated R² Model Misspecification & Nonlinearity Sampling Issues & Range Effects Better Metrics & Validation Techniques Adjusted R²: A Penalized Alternative Cross-Validation & Leave-One-Out R² Residual Diagnostics & Model Assumptions Practical Tips for Researchers R² is not magic. It’s a limited metric, useful … Read more
Qualitative research is rich. But richness alone doesn’t guarantee validity. In fact, many qualitative studies fail validation due to subtle, often overlooked flaws. At Research & Report Consulting, we’ve audited hundreds of studies and identified recurring critical issues that most researchers don’t realize. Fixing these can elevate your findings from “interesting” to trustworthy. Key Issues … Read more
Grounded Theory (GT) is one of the most respected qualitative methodologies, designed to move beyond description into theory generation. Yet, many researchers misapply GT as if it were merely a version of thematic analysis. This error weakens contributions, misleads readers, and leads to journal rejection. Grounded Theory is not about “coding until themes appear.” Instead, … Read more
Why Identification Matters in SEM Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is one of the most powerful tools in quantitative research. It allows scholars to test complex theories, measure latent constructs, and model mediation or moderation effects. Researchers often call SEM the “gold standard” of statistical modeling. However, a hidden truth is often ignored: SEM collapses without … Read more
In research, complex models and advanced statistical techniques often get the spotlight. But here’s the truth: if data is dirty, results are wrong—no matter how advanced the analysis looks. Data cleaning is not optional. It is the backbone of research integrity, transforming raw inputs into credible evidence. Neglecting it risks misleading findings, wasted resources, and … Read more
Cross-cultural research requires more than translation. Valid studies demand conceptual equivalence, measurement invariance, and contextual sensitivity to avoid distorted results. Why Translation Is Only the First Step Cross-cultural research is vital for understanding how social, political, and economic phenomena play out in different societies. Yet, one of the most common mistakes is assuming that translating … Read more
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has become increasingly popular in political science, communication, and policy research. Unfortunately, many studies misuse CDA by reducing it to quoting politicians or compiling soundbites. This approach weakens credibility and strips the method of its critical depth. True CDA goes further. It examines how language produces and reproduces power relations, inequality, … Read more
